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Fig. 2 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Fig. 2

From: Overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to the internalization and elimination of Escherichia coli in sheep by enhancing caveolae-dependent endocytosis

Fig. 2

TLR4 overexpression promotes the activation of multiple pathways and increased E. coli internalization and killing. a Different infection times with E. coli (MOI = 10) and bacterial internalization was detected in transgenic (TG) and wild-type (WT) monocytes. b TG and WT monocytes were incubated with E. coli (MOI = 10) at the same time (15 min), the bacteria that were not internalized were washed away, and the monocytes were cultured further in the incubator. Bacterial levels in the monocytes were determined with a colony-forming unit (CFU) count, and the start of endocytosis (0 min) was when the bacteria were first added. The effect of the TLR4 inhibitor, TAK242, was also tested. c The numbers of bacteria killed in (b) were calculated by subtracting the number of intracellular bacteria at 30 min from the same number at 15 min. d The mRNA expression levels of TLR4, the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IFN-β were determined in monocytes by qRT-PCR before and after E. coli infection for 30 min. All data are presented as the mean ± SD, n ≥ 3; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide (control); MOI, multiplicity of infection

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