Fig. 11

Analysis of the in vitro metabolome by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Metabolomics analysis were performed by using NMR in the bioreactor medium (a and b) and bead medium (c and d) compartments. Individual plots of partial least square-discriminant analysis using metabolites as variables and time points as predictors (a and c). Heatmap representing the relative concentrations of all identified metabolites (rows) in individual samples (columns). The color represents the Z-scores (row-scaled relative concentrations) from low (blue) to high (red) values. Metabolites (rows) were clustered by the average method. The mean relative abundances were analyzed by a mixed model and Anova.*: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001 (adjusted P-values by the false discovery rate method). The bead medium of the fermentation number 6 was not analyzed by NMR which explains the three replicates for the figure c