Short-chain fatty acids can improve lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the pig gut microbiota

Table 5 Effects of exogenously introduced SCFAs on the mRNA abundances for key factors associated with glucose metabolism in liver of GF pigs ^a

Items	GF	FA	P-value
FOXO-1	1.00 ± 0.05	1.09 ± 0.04	0.22
INSR	1.00 ± 0.06	0.81 ± 0.06	0.16
INS1	1.00 ± 0.10	1.02 ± 0.04	0.80
PIK3	1.00 ± 0.09	0.72 ± 0.02	0.12
GLU-2	1.00 ± 0.12	0.58 ± 0.08	< 0.01
PCK1	1.00 ± 0.05	1.08 ± 0.01	0.14
GSK3	1.00 ± 0.04	1.10 ± 0.05	0.17
GYS2	1.00 ± 0.01	1.67 ± 0.20	< 0.01

^a GF germ-free, FA short-chain fatty acids, FOXO-1 foxo1 forkhead box O1, INSR insulin receptor, IRS1 insulin receptor substrate 1, PIK3 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3, GLU-2 glucose transporter 2, PCK1 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, GSK3 glycogen synthase kinase 3, GYS2 glycogen synthase 2. Values are means ± SEMs, n = 6/group

ISSN: 2049-1891