Source | Inclusion level | Species | Response | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
SBM/Oat hull | 3%, 5% | Broiler | Increased gizzard weight and reduced it’s pH | [4] |
SBP/Pea hull | 7.5% | Broiler | Increased abrasion of the mucosal surface of the small intestine, shortened the villus, and increased mucus output | [24] |
Pea hull | 2.5% | Broiler | Increased VH:CD ratio | [24] |
SFM | 40–45 g/kg | Pullet | Increased VH, villus weight, the VH:CD ratio and surface area | [25] |
SFM | 47 g/kg | Layer | Increased VH, villus weight, the VH:CD ratio and surface area | [26] |
SFM | 97 g/kg | Layer | Decreased VH, villus weight, the VH:CD ratio and surface area | [26] |
Soyabean hull | 40 g/Kg | Broiler | Decreased negative effects of coccidiosis on VH:CD | [55] |
Rice hull | 40 g/Kg | Broiler | Decreased negative effects of coccidiosis on duodenal villus height | [55] |
Wheat bran | 30 g/Kg | Broiler | Increased VH and VH:CD ratio | [56] |
Chitooligosaccharide | 5 mg/egg (in ovo injection) | Broiler | Increased beneficial gut bacteria | [62] |
Soybean hull | 7% | Broiler | increased acetic, propionic, isobutyric and butyric acid, lactic and succinic acid in cecal contents and depressed formic acid production | [76] |
Alfalfa extract | 0.06% | Broiler | Increased thymus, spleen and bursa weight; Proliferation of T and B lymphocytes; Increased anti-NDV serum; Enhanced overall immunity | [19] |
Algae-derived polysaccharides | 2500 mg/kg | Broiler | Increased VH of jejunum and ileum | [85] |
Algae derived polysaccharides | 4000 mg/kg | Broiler | Increased the VH of duodenum and ileum | [85] |
Yeast derived β-glucans | 0, 0.02%, or 0.1% | Broiler | Altered the cytokine-chemokine balance | [86] |
Raffinose | 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mg in 0.2 mL of an aqueous diluents | Broiler | Increased VH and VH:CH ratio; improved immunity and gut health | [92] |
Yeast cell | 2.5 g/kg | Broiler | Enhanced antibody titers, IgM and IgA concentration, serum lysozyme and better gut morphology | [97] |
Yeast culture | 20 g/t | Turkey | Reduced transport stress | [103] |
Wheat based diet (arabinoxylans) | 0.1% (wt/wt) | Broiler | Increased production of cecal SCFA | [106] |
Arabinoxylooligosaccharides | 0.4% or 0.2% | Broiler | Maintained gut health | [107] |
Barley-derived arabinoxylans | 200 mg/kg body weight or 300 mg/kg body weight | Broiler | Enhanced macrophage activity | [109] |
Fructooligosaccharide | 0.5% | Broiler | Upregulated interferon-γ and IL-10 expression in ileum | [124] |