| |
BSF0
|
BSF3
|
BSF6
|
BSF9
|
BSF12
|
BSF15
|
SEM
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Proximate composition
|
|
DM
|
25.8
|
26.8
|
27.2
|
25.5
|
26.1
|
26.6
|
0.303
|
0.643
|
|
CP
|
19.2
|
20.0
|
18.3
|
19.2
|
19.6
|
20.5
|
0.323
|
0.493
|
|
EE
|
4.44
|
4.97
|
5.34
|
4.74
|
5.13
|
4.76
|
0.223
|
0.897
|
|
Ash
|
2.06a
|
1.68ab
|
1.54ab
|
1.43b
|
1.28b
|
1.22b
|
0.065
|
0.010
|
|
Fatty acid composition
|
|
C12:0
|
0.09e
|
0.28de
|
0.44d
|
0.75c
|
1.16b
|
1.73a
|
0.081
|
0.000
|
|
C13 iso
|
0.07ab
|
0.07ab
|
0.06ab
|
0.07a
|
0.05ab
|
0.04b
|
0.003
|
0.024
|
|
C14:0
|
2.93c
|
3.00bc
|
2.91c
|
3.16bc
|
3.35b
|
4.36a
|
0.078
|
0.000
|
|
C15 iso
|
0.07b
|
0.07b
|
0.07b
|
0.06b
|
0.07b
|
0.09a
|
0.001
|
0.000
|
|
C15 aiso
|
0.02b
|
0.02b
|
0.02b
|
0.02b
|
0.03ab
|
0.04a
|
0.002
|
0.000
|
|
C14:1 c-9 + C15:0
|
0.33b
|
0.33b
|
0.32b
|
0.34b
|
0.34b
|
0.43a
|
0.007
|
0.000
|
|
C16:0
|
18.6b
|
19.1b
|
18.8b
|
19.6b
|
20.2b
|
25.4a
|
0.361
|
0.000
|
|
C17 iso
|
0.21b
|
0.22b
|
0.21b
|
0.20b
|
0.22b
|
0.28a
|
0.005
|
0.000
|
|
C17 aiso
|
0.43cd
|
0.42d
|
0.42d
|
0.50bc
|
0.52b
|
0.64a
|
0.013
|
0.000
|
|
C16:1 c-9
|
4.88c
|
5.14bc
|
5.03bc
|
5.29bc
|
5.52b
|
6.31a
|
0.085
|
0.000
|
|
C17:0
|
0.29b
|
0.28b
|
0.29b
|
0.27b
|
0.28b
|
0.40a
|
0.008
|
0.000
|
|
C18 iso
|
0.12
|
0.11
|
0.10
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.004
|
0.421
|
|
C17:1 c-9
|
0.19
|
0.18
|
0.20
|
0.23
|
0.21
|
0.21
|
0.006
|
0.217
|
|
C18:0
|
5.11b
|
5.13b
|
5.10b
|
5.32b
|
5.44b
|
6.53a
|
0.078
|
0.000
|
|
C18:1 t-6–10
|
0.09b
|
0.10b
|
0.09b
|
0.10b
|
0.11ab
|
0.12a
|
0.002
|
0.000
|
|
C18:1 t-11–12
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.001
|
0.104
|
|
C18:1 t-13–14 + c-6–8
|
0.12b
|
0.12b
|
0.11b
|
0.13b
|
0.12b
|
0.16a
|
0.003
|
0.000
|
|
C18:1 c-9
|
23.3d
|
24.0cd
|
24.9bcd
|
25.4bc
|
26.6b
|
31.3a
|
0.397
|
0.000
|
|
C18:1 c-11
|
2.88b
|
2.93b
|
2.92b
|
2.93b
|
2.99b
|
3.50a
|
0.038
|
0.000
|
|
C18:2 n-6
|
21.0a
|
21.6a
|
21.8a
|
20.9a
|
20.7a
|
12.3b
|
0.513
|
0.000
|
|
C18:3 n-3
|
2.51a
|
2.62a
|
2.51a
|
2.41a
|
2.22a
|
0.93b
|
0.089
|
0.000
|
|
C18:3 n-6
|
0.32a
|
0.31a
|
0.34a
|
0.36a
|
0.29a
|
0.12b
|
0.014
|
0.000
|
|
C20:0
|
0.16b
|
0.17b
|
0.18b
|
0.18b
|
0.18b
|
0.23a
|
0.004
|
0.000
|
|
C20:1 c-9
|
1.17b
|
1.15b
|
1.20b
|
1.22b
|
1.26ab
|
1.44a
|
0.024
|
0.003
|
|
C20:1 c-11
|
0.17a
|
0.16ab
|
0.15ab
|
0.15ab
|
0.14b
|
0.05c
|
0.006
|
0.000
|
|
C20:2 n-6
|
0.98a
|
0.93a
|
1.01a
|
0.96a
|
0.95a
|
0.66b
|
0.025
|
0.000
|
|
C20:3 n-3
|
0.15a
|
0.15a
|
0.16a
|
0.14a
|
0.14a
|
0.07b
|
0.005
|
0.000
|
|
C20:3 n-6
|
0.63a
|
0.59a
|
0.64a
|
0.70a
|
0.60a
|
0.20b
|
0.025
|
0.000
|
|
C20:4 n-6
|
0.75a
|
0.72a
|
0.73a
|
0.76a
|
0.62a
|
0.22b
|
0.031
|
0.000
|
|
C20:5 n-3
|
2.96ab
|
3.14a
|
2.68ab
|
2.53b
|
1.82c
|
0.54d
|
0.128
|
0.000
|
|
C22:0
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.11
|
0.11
|
0.002
|
0.055
|
|
C22:1 n-9
|
0.14
|
0.14
|
0.15
|
0.16
|
0.17
|
0.17
|
0.006
|
0.517
|
|
C22:5 n-3
|
0.92ab
|
1.03a
|
0.92ab
|
0.80b
|
0.55c
|
0.12d
|
0.046
|
0.000
|
|
C22:6 n-3
|
8.19a
|
5.56b
|
5.35bc
|
4.18cd
|
2.97d
|
1.11e
|
0.326
|
0.000
|
|
Σ SFA
|
27.7b
|
28.4ab
|
28.2ab
|
29.7ab
|
31.0ab
|
35.7a
|
0.821
|
0.043
|
|
Σ BCFA
|
0.91bc
|
0.91bc
|
0.86c
|
0.97b
|
1.00b
|
1.22a
|
0.018
|
0.000
|
|
Σ MUFA
|
33.0d
|
34.0cd
|
34.8bcd
|
35.6bc
|
37.2b
|
43.3a
|
0.519
|
0.000
|
|
Σ PUFA
|
38.4a
|
36.7ab
|
36.1ab
|
33.8bc
|
30.8c
|
16.3d
|
1.089
|
0.000
|
|
Σ PUFA / Σ SFA
|
1.39a
|
1.29a
|
1.28a
|
1.14b
|
1.00c
|
0.39d
|
0.047
|
0.000
|
|
Σ n-3
|
14.7a
|
12.5b
|
11.6bc
|
10.1c
|
7.71d
|
2.78e
|
0.559
|
0.000
|
|
Σ n-6
|
23.7a
|
24.2a
|
24.5a
|
23.7a
|
23.1a
|
13.5b
|
0.590
|
0.000
|
|
Σ n-3 / Σ n-6
|
0.62a
|
0.51b
|
0.47b
|
0.43b
|
0.34c
|
0.19d
|
0.020
|
0.000
|
- Abbreviations: BSF Hermetia illucens, ww wet weight, TFA total fatty acid, SEM standard error of the mean, DM dry matter, CP crude protein, EE ether extract, c cis, t trans, SFA saturated fatty acids, BCFA branched chain fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids. Values are reported as mean of duplicate analyses. Different superscripts within a row indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)