Table 2 On reduced crude protein diets for broilers: consideration for the linear programming matrices.
From: Progress of amino acid nutrition for diet protein reduction in poultry
Item | Characteristic |
|---|---|
Ingredient matrix | |
 Soybean meal | Improved varieties: amino acid levels and digestibility, carbohydrate fraction adjustments, improved oil content, and ability to utilize full fat beans |
 Insect meal | Increased industrialized production of insect meal resulting in decreased costs; improved amino acid digestibility |
 Algae meal | Increased industrialized production of algae meal resulting in decreased costs; transition from salt water to fresh water systems with reduced climate impact |
 Single-cell protein meal | Increased industrialized production of single-cell protein sources resulting in decreased costs; improved amino acid digestibility |
 L-valine | Free base L-valine is being produced commercially and used in formulation. Its inclusion allows for reduced diet costs, decreased nitrogen excretion, and a mechanism to feed balanced branched-chain amino acids |
 L-glutamine and betaine | Research is necessary to assess if L-glutamine and/or betaine can aid intestinal integrity in birds fed low CP diets |
 Feed-grade amino acids | Increased manufacturing of essential (e.g., beyond L-valine) and non-essential amino acids at low cost |
 Feed-grade amino acid peptides | Increased manufacturing of di- and tri-peptides with good digestibility at low costs |
 Feed-grade enzymes | Availability of feed-grade enzymes with affordable pricing and consistent efficacy have given nutritionists a tool to improve ingredient quality |
 Increasing feed phases | Adding diet phases allows for closer meeting the birds’ need and minimizing excesses |
 Sex separate feeding | As female broilers require an order of 10 to 15% less amino acid levels, separate or separate phased diets per sex can increase nitrogen efficiency |
Nutrient matrix | |
 Protein level | Less dependence on diet protein and more on amino acid supply by formulating to non-essential amino acids |
 Protein expression | Can converting crude protein to true protein aid in predicting a critical amino acid supply? |
 Digestive dynamics | As CP decreases, more cereals enter diets with less dietary oil sources, and it is known that feed-grade amino acids interact with starch regarding digestion. Nutritionists should create ratios to limit rapid starch in low CP diets |
 Ideal protein for digestible amino acids | Robust Lys needs must be assessed as modern broiler genetics continue to be improved and express dietary needs on a digestible basis |
 Threonine | Threonine must continue to be assessed as antibiotic growth promoters are removed from diets, as well as the balance regarding glycine plus serine |
 Branched-chain amino acids | Assess limiting needs singularly and together in practical low CP diets |
 Phenylalanine + tyrosine | Assess limiting needs in low CP diets in and relation to the branched-chain amino acids |
 Histidine | Assess needs in low CP diets for broilers using a pre-experimental adjustment period |
 Electrolyte balance | Reduced protein results in less soybean meal and monitoring electrolyte balance from the potassium reduction is critical |
 Non-essential amino acid levels | As protein continues to be reduced, using nutrient minimums for non-essential amino acids will be required to maintain a nitrogen pool |