Table 3 Application of phenolic compounds with major physiological responses in poultry
From: Phenolic compounds as natural feed additives in poultry and swine diets: a review
Phenolic compounds | Study design | Main findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Broilers | |||
Polyphenol | Type: Ross 308-male dose: 0, 20, 40, 60 g/kg source: grape pomace (Vitis vinifera) form: powder duration: 0-24 days | ●no effects on FI, ADG, and FCR ●higher thigh and drumstick weight ●lower abdominal fat weight ●lower TG, TC, LDL, AST, MDA in plasma ●higher SOD, GSH-Px in plasma ●higher antibody response in plasma | [129] |
Hydrolysable tannic acid | Type: Arbor Acre male form: powder dose: 1000 mg/kg source: commercial (chestnut wood extract-75% tannin) duration: 0-42 days | ●higher ADG, final body weight and improve FCR ●higher CP retention ●pH at 24 h was higher in breast muscle ●higher T-AOC, GSH-Px, SOD in serum, breast and thigh muscle ●lower serum TC, LDL-C and urea N | [22] |
Essential oil | Type: Ross 308 dose: 0.4 mL/L source: dry herb (lavender flowers) form: liquid duration: 0-42 days | ●higher ADG and final body weight ●improved FCR ●no effects on TC, TG, glucose, and uric acid concentration in serum ●lower Escherichia coli and coliform in ileum ●higher probiotic bacteria in ileum | [130] |
Polyphenol (resveratrol) | Type: Yellow feather broilers dose: 200, 350 and 500 mg/kg source: dry herb (Polygonum cuspidatum) form: powder duration: 28-42 days | ●higher ADG ●higher T-SOD, CAT, GSH in serum ●lower corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone ●lower TC, TG, uric acid, AST, ALT and MDA in serum | [131] |
Polyphenols (resveratrol) | Type: Arbor Acres male broilers dose: 300 and 600 mg/kg source: commercial form: powder duration: 0-42 days | ●higher body weight gain ●improve FCR ●lower ALT, and AST in serum ●higher IgG, IgM, SOD in serum ●lower E. coli in cecum ●higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth of duodenum | [132] |
Essential oil (cinnamaldehyde) | Type: Vencobb-400 broilers dose: 0.3 g/kg source: cinnamon bark oil form: extract duration: 0-42 days | ●higher villi height of duodenum, jejunum and ileum ●lower number of Escherichia coli in pre-caecal contents ●higher antibody titers against NDV ●lower TC in serum ●higher SOD in serum ●no effects on TP, glucose and TG in serum | [133] |
Polyphenols | Type: Cobb male broilers dose: 5, 7.5 and 10 g/kg source: grape pomace (Vitis vinifera) form: powder duration: 3-28 days | ●no effects on FI, ADG, and FCR ●no effects on DM, CP, EE, and GE retention ●no effects on inner organs weight ●decreased TC in serum ●higher IgG in serum ●decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of breast meat ●lower redness value of meat during storage | [134] |
Polyphenols (resveratrol) | Type: Cobb male broilers dose: 0 and 400 mg/kg source: commercial form: powder duration: 0-21 days | ●higher T-AOC, CAT and lower MDA in breast muscle ●lower lightness value, and drip loss of meat ●higher redness value and pH-24h of meat | [135] |
Condensed tannins | Type: Ross 308 dose: 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm source: grape seed extract (total polyphenol > 40%) form: powder duration: 0-42 days | ●no effects on growth performance and mortality ●lower TC and LDL-C in serum ●higher antibody titer against NDV ●decrease MDA content in muscle tissue | [136] |
Polyphenols (proanthocyanidins) | Type: Cobb-500 dose: 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg source: commercial (grape proanthocyanidins) form: powder duration: 0-42 days | ●no effects on FI, ADG, and FCR ●improved jejunum morphology ●higher T-SOD, ALT, ALP, and CRE concentration in serum ●lower MDA value in serum | [137] |
Polyphenols (flavonoids, catechins, and epicatechins) | Type: Hubbard broilers dose: 25, 50 and 75 ppm in replace of vitamin E form: powder source: grape seed extract duration: 0-35 days | ●higher total phenolic contents in breast and leg muscles ●higher NDV and IBDV antibody titers ●lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in breast and leg muscles | [68] |
Polyphenols | Type: Cobb male broilers dose: 0, 5% and 10% source: commercial (grape pomace) form: powder duration: 0-21 days | ●no effects ADG, FI and FCR ●higher oxidative stability and PUFA content in thigh muscle ●lower SFA content in thigh muscle | [138] |
Thyme oil | Type: Ross 308 broilers dose: 0.5 g/kg source: commercial (T. vulgaris) form: powder duration: 0-35 days | ●lower MDA in duodenal mucosa and kidney ●higher IgA in duodenal mucosa ●improve intestinal barrier integrity | [139] |
Flavonoids (genistein and hesperidin) | Type: Arbor Acre broilers dose: 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg and mixture (1:4) source: commercial form: powder duration: 1-42 days | ●higher T-AOC, SOD in serum ●lower MDA content in serum ●lower TC, LDL-C, TG in serum and breast muscle ●improved PUFA, and ration of n-6/n-3 fatty acid | [103] |
Essential oil | Type: Arbor Acres dose: 120 ppm source: oregano, anis and citrus peel tree form: extract duration: 0-42 days | ●lower serum cholesterol ●lower ammonia concentration in ileum ●higher total polyphenolic compounds and total flavonoids in serum | [140] |
Essential oil (thymol and cinnamaldehyd) | Type: Ross broilers dose: 0.1 g/kg (15 g/t thymol and 5 g/t cinnamaldehyde) source: commercial blend oil form: powder duration: 0-42 days | ●higher ADG ●higher number of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli in cecum ●higher proportion of caecal butyrate ●decreased proportion of caecal caecal acetic acid and propionic acid | [141] |
Tannic acid | Type: Ross 308 dose: 20 g/kg source: commercial product form: powder duration: 17-27 days | ●lower body weight and FCR ● lower lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum ●higher relative weight of intestine | [142] |
Laying hens | |||
Essential oil (peppermint) | Type: Bovans Brown laying hens dose: 0, 74, 148, 222, and 296 mg/kg source: dry leaf extract (Mentha piperita) form: liquid duration: 32-44 weeks | ●higher FI, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, eggshell thickness, and haugh unit ●higher CP, EE and P digestibility ●higher TP in serum ●lower serum cholesterol | [143] |
Essential oil | Type: Hy-line Brown layer dose: 0, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg source: star anise (Illicium verum) form: liquid duration: 29-31weeks | ●higher CP, OM digestibility ●higher metabolic efficiency of lysine, methionine, arginine, and threonine ●no effects on DM, EE and GE retention | [144] |
Thymol and carvacrol | Type: Bovans-White dose: 1000 mg/kg each source: Thymbra spicata and Rosemarinus officinalis extract form: dry leaf powder duration: 48-56 weeks | ●lower TC and TG in serum ●lower egg production and egg weight ●no effects on FCR, egg shell thickness, yolk color and haugh unit | [145] |
Polyphenols | Type: Yueqinhuang laying hens dose: 0, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg source: eucalyptus leaves form: extract powder duration: 35-44 weeks | ●higher egg production, egg mass, egg shell thickness ●lower MDA and cholesterol in egg yolk ●higher GSH-Px, T-SOD, T-AOC in serum ●higher pH at 45 min with higher redness value of meat ●lower drip loss of meat | [146] |
Polyphenol | Type: Hy-line Brown dose: 200 mg/kg source: commercial (tea polyphenol and tea catechins) form: powder duration: 65-74 weeks | ●higher egg production ●improved FCR ●higher albumen height with haugh unit ●higher protein sulfhydryl content of the albumen ●lower protein carbonyl content and protein surface hydrophobicity of albumen | [147] |
Essential oil | Type: Lohmann White form: powder source: commercial dose: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg duration: 54-65 weeks | ●no effects on egg production, egg weight, egg quality, FI and FCR ●higher CP digestibility ●no effects on energy utilization ●no effects on SFA, MUFA and PUFA composition in egg yolk | [148] |
Essential oil | Type: Hy-line layer form: fine granulates powder source: oregano dry herbs dose: 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg duration: 30-37 weeks | ●no effects on egg shell weight, yolk index and haugh unit ●lower crypt depth and higher villus height with villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum ●higher gene expression on glucose transporter 2, peptide transporter 1, sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 in duodenum and jejunum | [49] |
Essential oil mixture | Type: Hy-line White dose: 0, 100 and 200 mg/kg source: Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus officinalis and Anethum graveolens form: powder duration: 40-51 weeks | ●lower TC, TG, AST, ALT, in serum ●lower MDA in serum and liver sample ●higher eggshell hardness and thickness | [149] |
Essential oil (peppermint/thyme) | Type: Lohmann LSL-lite dose: 0 and 1000 mg/kg each source: dry herb extracts form: powder duration: 40-48 weeks | ●higher egg production, egg mass ●lower FCR ●higher egg shell thickness, haugh unit ●lower serum cholesterol | [150] |
Thyme and fennel | Type: Hy-Line White dose: 0 and 40 mg/kg each source: dry herbs (Thymus vulgaris and Foeniculum vulgare) form: alcoholic extracts duration: 26-38 weeks | ●higher egg weight and egg mass ●higher egg yolk color ●lower egg yolk cholesterol ●improve egg yolk omega-3 fatty acid | [151] |
Essential oil | Type: White leghorn (Lohman) dose: 24 mg/kg source: oregano dry herbs form: powder duration: 82-106 weeks | ●higher egg production with lower FCR in forced molted hens ●higher SOD value and lower MDA value in liver sample | [125] |
Thymol | Type: Hi-sex Brown source: Thymus vulgaris dry herb form: powder dose: 3, 6 and 9 g/kg duration: 36-52 weeks | ●no effects on FI, ADG and FCR ●higher egg weight ●higher SOD, GSH-PX and lower MDA in serum ●higher IgG in serum ●lower LDL-C in serum | [152] |
Essential oil | Type: Lohmann LSL-lite laying hens dose: 40 mg/kg source: cinnamon bark form: powder duration: 42-50 weeks | ●higher egg production, egg weight and egg mass ●no effects on FI and body weight ●no effects on TC,TG, uric acid and albumin content in serum | [153] |
Fennel (anethole, fenchone and estragole) | Type: White leghorn dose: 0, 10 and 20 g/kg source: fennel fruits (Foeniculum vulgare) form: dry fruit powder duration: 42-46 weeks | ●lower serum MDA ●lower TC and TG in egg yolk | [154] |
Polyphenols | Type: Hy-line White (Leghorn) dose: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 g/kg source: Echinacea purpurea form: dry leaf extract powder duration: 43-53 weeks | ●higher egg production and egg mass ●lower TC, TG, in serum ●lower cholesterol in egg yolk ●higher HDL in serum | [155] |
Peppermint/ menthol/ menthone/ isomenthone/ menthyl acetate/ cineol | Type: Hy-line Brown dose: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg source: dry herb (Mentha piperita) form: leaves powder duration: 64-76 weeks | ●higher FI, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, eggshell thickness, haugh unit ●lower FCR ●lower serum cholesterol ●higher TP in serum | [156] |
Essential oil mixture (carvacrol, thymol, 1:8-cineole, p-cymene and limonene) | Type: ATAK-S laying hens dose: 0, 3 and 6 mg/kg source: commercial form: powder duration: 52-68 weeks | ●no effects on FI, egg production, egg weight and FCR ●no effects on glucose, TC and TG in serum ●no effects on antibody titers against NDV, IB and IBDV | [157] |
Thyme | Type: Lohmann LSL-white dose: 0, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% source: dry herbs (Thymus vulgaris) form: powder duration: 24-36 weeks | ●higher egg production with lower FCR ●decrease concentration of E. coli in feces | [124] |
Other birds | |||
Polyphenol (resveratrol) | Type: quail dose: 0, 200 and 400 mg/kg source: dry herbs (Polygonum cuspidatum) form: powder duration: 4-16 weeks | ●no effects on FI, egg production ●no effects on vitamin A concentration in serum and egg yolk ●higher vitamin E in serum ●lower MDA in serum and egg yolk | [158] |
Thymol | Type: quail (female) dose: 2 g/kg (80 mg/bird per day) source: commercial form: powder duration:100-130 days | ●no effects on corticosterone concentrations in plasma ●higher albumen, glucose, globulins, TP in plasma ●higher inflammatory responses ●higher heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in blood | [159] |
Essential oil | Type: quail breeder dose: 250 mg/kg source: dry herbs (Trachyspermum ammi and Anethum graveolens) form: powder duration: 8-18 weeks | ●no effects on egg production ●improved FCR ●no effects on TG, glucose and HDL in serum ●lower TC in serum ●higher number of Lactobacillius in cecum ●no effects on E. coli number in cecum | [104] |
Phenolic compounds (peppermint) | Type: quail dose: 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/kg source: dry herbs (Mentha piperita) form: powder duration: 7-35 days | ●no effects of FI and ADG ●higher length of small intestine, villus height, villus width, crypt depth, and villus area ●higher lactic acid bacteria in ileum ●lower Escherichia coli in ileum ●no effects of inner organs weight | [160] |
Polyphenols (saponins, flavonoids) | Type: Japanese quail dose: 0, 1%, 3% and 5% source: dry herbs (Astragalus membranaceus) form: powder duration: 0-35 days | ●higher FI, and weight gain ●higher weight of thymus gland and bursa of fabricius ●higher IgA, C3, C4 in serum ●higher T-AOC, GSH-Px, CAT in serum ●higher Lactobacillius and bifidobacterium in intestine ●lower Escherichia number in intestine ●no effects on TP, TC, TG, AST, and ALT in serum | [161] |
Thymol | Type: quail dose: 0, 2, 4 and 6.5 g/kg source: commercial form: powder duration: 85-128 days | ●lower SFA in egg yolk ●higher PUFA in egg yolk ●no effects on body weight gain, FI, egg production, and egg weight | [162] |
Polyphenols (anthocyanidins, catechins) | Type: duckling (Pekin- female) dose: 0, 0.1% and 0.2% source: grape seed extract form: powder duration: 0-6 weeks | ●higher ADG, and final body weight with improved FCR ●higher SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC, CAT, IgG, IL-2 and lower MDA in serum ●lower abdominal fat ●lower ileal Escherichia coli but higher ileal Lactobacilli | [52] |
Essential oil (oregano oil) | Type: duckling (Cherry valley) dose: 150 and 300 mg/kg source: commercial-oregano (5% thymol, 65% carvacrol and 30% carrier) form: powder duration:11-42 days | ●no effects on final body weight, ADG, FI, and FCR ●lower number of coliform bacterial in cecum ●no effects on TC, TG, AST, ALT, glucose, and TP in serum | [163] |
Essential oil (oregano oil) | Type: duckling (Cherry valley) dose: 100 mg/kg source: commercial (oregano oil) form: powder duration:1-35 days | ●no effects on ADG, FCR, DM, CP, EE, Ash and GE digestibility ●higher villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum ●higher SOD in serum and T-AOC in jejunum mucosa ●lower MDA in serum and liver tissue ●decreased mRNA expression of ZO-3 and sIgA | [164] |
Thymol | Type: turkey poults dose: 30 mg/kg source: commercial extract form: powder duration:180-236 days | ●improved FCR ●no effects on ADG, lactic acid bacteria and coliform count in crop, ileum and cecum ●lower MDA level in liver, thigh and breast muscle ●higher GSH-Px, GST activities in liver, thigh and breast muscle | [165] |
Mixed essential oil | Type: turkey dose: 1 mL/L source: commercial extract form: liquid duration:175-178 days | ●higher percent of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the thymus and the spleen ●higher percent of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the cecal tonsils and the blood ●higher percent of CD4+ CD8+ T lymphocytes in the thymus and ileal mucosa | [166] |
Mixed essential oil | Type: turkey dose: 0.3 g/kg source: commercial form: powder duration: 0-140 days | ●no effects on ADG, FCR and carcass weight ●lower pH of crop content ●higher α-glucosidase in the ileal digesta ●no effects on SCFA production in the caeca | [167] |