Fig. 1
The ECS promotes energy conservation and reduces lipolysis in mature white adipocytes. Lipolysis: CB1 activation on the adipocyte surface inhibits the activity of the lipolytic enzymes HSL and PLIN, while CB1 activation in autonomous nerves limits the release of catecholamines, the primary ligand for β-adrenergic receptors. Lipogenesis and adipogenesis: eCBs bind and activate PPARγ directly, enhancing transcription of pro-lipogenic and pro-adipogenic genes: Improved expression of GLUT4 and LPL leads to greater levels of lipogenesis. Mitochondrial biogenesis: CB1 activation suppresses the activity of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α; the principal inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis. Abbreviations: 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Adenylyl cyclase (AC), Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), Anandamide (AEA), Beta adrenergic receptor (β-ADR), Calcium (Ca2+), Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKKβ), Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), Chylomicron (CM), Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp), Diacylglycerol lipase (DAG), Endocannabinoid membrane transporter (EMT), Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), Factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation (FAN), Fatty acid (FA), Fatty acid transport protein (FATP), G alpha subunit (Gαs), G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), Gi protein subunit o (Gi/o), Glucose (GLU), Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), Guanine nucleotide binding protein subunit 12/13 (Gα12/13), Guanine nucleotide binding protein subunit q (GαQ), Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), Insulin (I), Insulin receptor (IR), Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Mammalian target or rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1), Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Monoacylglycerol (MAG), Monoglyceride lipase (MGL), N-Acyltransferase (NAT), NAPE-phospholipase D (PLD), N-Arachidonyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), Neutral sphingomyelinase (EMN), Norepinephrine (NE), Perilipin (PLIN), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), Phospholipase C (PLC), Phosphorylation (P), Potassium (K+), PPAR-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), Protein kinase A (PKA), Protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), Protein kinase C (PKC), Ras homolog family member A (RHOA), Retinoid X receptor (RXR), Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), Sphingomyelin (EM), Triacylglycerol (TAG), Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), Vallinoid receptor 1 (TRPV1)