AMPK-mTOR pathway is involved in glucose-modulated amino acid sensing and utilization in the mammary glands of lactating goats

Table 1 Effects of increasing mammary gland glucose supply through external pudendal artery on milk protein AA profiles in lactating dairy goats

Item¹	Infused glucose, g/d						SEM	P-value
Item¹	0	20	40	60	80	100	SEM	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
Essential AA, mmol/L
Arg	6.36	6.78	7.81	6.94	5.73	5.62	1.15	0.44	0.19	0.31
His	5.33	6.32	6.92	6.22	5.81	5.54	0.73	0.66	0.08	0.28
Ile	9.91	10.2	11.7	9.9	10.3	10.1	0.95	0.98	0.35	0.23
Leu	23.2	23.9	24.3	25.3	22.4	21.7	2.88	0.20	0.47	0.26
Lys	15.6	15.8	16.2	16.3	15.9	15.7	1.59	0.85	0.31	0.27
Met	4.29	4.67	5.41	4.33	4.58	4.39	0.51	0.94	0.34	0.45
Phe	14.2	13.9	14.7	15.4	12.8	13.5	1.66	0.17	0.14	0.20
Thr	16.1	17.2	17.8	19.3	14.7	14.1	1.57	0.07	0.06	0.15
Val	17.6	16.8	17.8	18.1	17.1	15.6	1.75	0.70	0.45	0.26
Non-essential AA, mmol/L
Ala	14.1	13.5	18.4	16.1	14.6	12.7	3.58	0.64	0.08	0.29
Asx	16.5	16.3	18.2	19.1	17.7	16.5	1.76	0.55	0.25	0.53
Cys	2.96	3.54	4.46	4.13	3.01	2.98	0.68	0.93	0.07	0.36
Glx	44.2	44.6	42.2	44.9	43.7	42.1	4.06	0.27	0.53	0.13
Gly	6.88	8.96	13.8	13.6	8.84	8.12	2.31	0.79	0.08	0.23
Pro	20.2	20.7	23.2	23.5	20.4	19.5	2.77	0.93	0.37	0.25
Ser	18.8	22.2	21.1	24.3	19.2	18.5	4.21	0.82	0.31	0.70
Tyr	10.6	11.4	11.6	12.2	11.8	12.4	1.12	0.97	0.55	0.28
Essential AA, mmol/L	113	116	123	122	109	106	6.51	0.29	0.13	0.63
Non-essential AA, mmol/L	134	141	153	158	139	133	10.5	0.39	0.13	0.68
Group-1 AA, mmol/L	34.4	36.3	38.6	38.2	35	35.8	4.29	0.59	0.36	0.28
Group-2 AA, mmol/L	88.8	90.7	95.6	95.8	86.1	82.8	5.72	0.44	0.25	0.42
Branched-chain AA, mmol/L	50.7	50.9	53.8	53.3	49.8	47.4	3.98	0.28	0.46	0.37
Total AA, mmol/L	247	257	276	280	249	239	11.4	0.60	0.02	0.43

¹ Group-1 AA: His, Met, Phe, and Tyr; Group-2 AA: Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, and Val; Branched-chain AA: Ile, Leu, and Val. Glx: glutamate + glutamine. Asx: aspartate + asparagine

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