Table 2 Effect of dietary vegetable or marine supplements on the fatty acid composition of bovine milk when animals are fed on corn silage-based diets

Lipid supplements used

Effect on milk fatty acids

Milk yield

Ref.

1) Control (corn silage based TMR)

2) Fish oil (FO; 3%DM)

3) Soybean oil (SO; 3%DM)

↑ SFA FO and SO

↑ trans- C18:1; ↑ cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 by FO

No effect

[319]

1) Control (corn silage based TMR)

2) Olive oil (OO; 3%DM)

3) Hydrogenated palm oil (HPO;3%DM)

↓ SFA by OO

↑ cis-9 C18:1; ↑ cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C18:3 by OO

↑ by OO

[320]

1) Control (corn silage based TMR)

2) Soybean oil (SO; 3%DM)

3) Hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3%DM)

↑ C18:1 trans including trans-11 C18:1 by SO

No effect

[321]

1) Control (corn silage based TMR)

2) Fish oil (FO; 2.6%DM)

3) FO (1.3%DM) + HPO (1.3%DM)

↑ C18:1 trans-11; ↑ DHA; ↓ C6:0, C8:0, C10:0 and C14:0 by FO

No effect

[322]

1) Control (corn silage based TMR)

2) Soybean oil (SO; 2.3%DM)

3) Linseed oil (LO; 2.3%DM)

↑ PUFA; ↑ cis-9, trans-11 C18:2; ↓ SFA by SO and LO

No effect

[154]

1) Control (corn silage based TMR)

2) Extruded linseed (EL; 22 g/kg DM)

3) Ca salts of palm and linseed oils (PLO; 22 g/kg DM)

4) Milled rapeseed (MR; 22 g/kg DM)

↑ CLA; ↓ SFA by EL, PLO, and MR

↑ by EL

↑ by PLO

↑ by MR

[323]

1) Prilled fat (3.5%DM)

Unprocessed oilseeds:

2) Rapeseed (6.9%DM)

3) Cottonseed (18.4%DM)

4) Linseed (7.5%DM)

↑ MUFA; ↑ PUFA by all three unprocessed oilseeds

No effect

[324]

1) Control (corn silage based TMR)

2) Microalgae 2 g/kg DM

3) Microalgae 4 g/kg DM

4) Microalgae 6 g/kg DM

↓ C18:0, ↓ cis-9 C18:1, ↓ cis-9, cis-12 C18:2; ↓ cis-9,12,15 C18:3; ↑ cis-9,trans-11 C18:2; ↑ trans-9 C18:1; ↑ trans-11 C18:1 by microalgae

No effect

[325]

1) Control (corn silage based TMR

2) Rubber seed oil (RO; 4%DM)

3) Flaxseed oil (FO; 4%DM)

4)2%DM of RO and 2%DM of FO

↑ trans-11 C18:1; ↑ cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 by RO and FO

↑ by RO

↑ by FO

↑ by RO + FO

[326]

1) Control (corn silage TMR)

2) Palmitic acid TAG (PA; 1.7%DM)

3)Ca-salts of palm FA (CAF; 1.8%DM)

↓ de novo/preformed FA by PA and CAF

↑ C16:0 by PA

↑ by PA and CAF

[327]

1) Control (sorghum silage TMR)

2) Palmitic acid (PA; 4%DM)

↑ SFA by PA

↑ by PA

[152]

Corn silage TMR’s with:

1) Ca salts of palm oil (PA; 12.3%DM)

2) Corn grain and wheat (GW; 13.4% corn silage, 4%DM barley grain, 12%DM wheat starch, 25%DM wheat middlings)

3) Extruded rapeseeds (RS; 24.5%DM)

4) Extruded sunflower seeds (SS; 24.5%DM)

↑ SFA by PA and GW

↑ MUFA by RS and SS

No effect

[328]

1) Corn silage TMR

2)C16:0 (PA; 1.5%DM)

3)C16:0 and C18:0 (MIX; 1.5%DM)

↓ de novo synthesis by PA and MIX

↑ C16:0; ↑ cis-9 C16:1 by PA and MIX

No effect

[329]

1)Control

2)C16:0 (PA; 2%DM)

3) Ca salt of C16:0 (CaPA; 2%DM)

↓ de novo synthesis by PA and CaPA

No effect

[330]

1) Enriched C16:0 (P; 20 g/kg DM)

2)C16 + C18 (PS; 13 and 7 g/kg DM)

3)C16 + C18 (SP; 7 and 13 g/kg DM)

4) Enriched C18:0 (S; 20 g/kg DM)

↑ UFA by S

↑ de novo FA by S

No effect

[331]