Amino acids, ng/μL | Control | 0.25% L-Cit | 0.50% L-Cit | 1.00% L-Cit | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential amino acids | |||||
 Phenylalanine | 21.02 ± 1.05 | 21.84 ± 0.96 | 21.79 ± 0.85 | 22.24 ± 0.75 | 0.824 |
 Threonine | 28.96 ± 2.07 | 35.04 ± 4.06 | 30.15 ± 5.44 | 36.73 ± 3.54 | 0.456 |
 Valine | 19.43 ± 0.73 | 23.36 ± 2.32 | 23.23 ± 2.14 | 24.53 ± 1.79 | 0.255 |
 Methionine | 15.38 ± 1.14 | 15.69 ± 0.77 | 15.57 ± 0.80 | 16.19 ± 1.01 | 0.942 |
 Tryptophan | 5.42 ± 0.30b | 4.90 ± 0.26b | 5.28 ± 0.53b | 7.67 ± 0.88a | 0.008 |
 Lysine | 42.15 ± 3.90 | 45.88 ± 3.29 | 43.27 ± 1.27 | 46.97 ± 3.43 | 0.681 |
 Histidine | 17.64 ± 1.09c | 19.36 ± 0.96bc | 22.53 ± 0.80a | 20.78 ± 1.20ab | 0.016 |
 Isoleucine | 11.43 ± 0.61 | 13.34 ± 1.22 | 13.45 ± 0.93 | 13.84 ± 0.68 | 0.302 |
 Leucine | 24.70 ± 1.04 | 27.61 ± 2.16 | 27.23 ± 1.50 | 26.20 ± 1.61 | 0.727 |
Non-essential amino acids | |||||
 Taurine | 24.31 ± 0.73a | 18.20 ± 0.78b | 17.57 ± 1.26b | 19.41 ± 2.08b | 0.006 |
 Aspartate | 13.42 ± 1.48 | 16.19 ± 2.03 | 15.58 ± 1.44 | 16.53 ± 1.01 | 0.491 |
 Serine | 59.65 ± 4.72 | 63.90 ± 2.80 | 66.91 ± 4.00 | 66.53 ± 3.51 | 0.524 |
 Glutamate | 30.12 ± 2.51 | 29.11 ± 1.13 | 28.34 ± 0.91 | 26.91 ± 0.95 | 0.505 |
 Glycine | 42.74 ± 2.50 | 39.78 ± 2.39 | 44.44 ± 3.09 | 40.04 ± 2.07 | 0.518 |
 Alanine | 39.72 ± 2.50 | 42.18 ± 3.20 | 37.42 ± 1.62 | 40.14 ± 2.34 | 0.609 |
 Cysteine | 5.48 ± 0.80 | 4.46 ± 0.67 | 5.61 ± 0.99 | 5.09 ± 0.78 | 0.755 |
 Tyrosine | 25.87 ± 1.42 | 27.86 ± 2.22 | 27.19 ± 1.62 | 25.91 ± 0.85 | 0.771 |
 β-Alanine | 4.90 ± 0.51 | 4.51 ± 0.14 | 4.34 ± 0.46 | 5.65 ± 0.35 | 0.111 |
 GABA | 0.24 ± 0.02b | 0.26 ± 0.02b | 0.28 ± 0.03b | 0.57 ± 0.06a | 0.004 |
 3-Methylhistidine | 2.07 ± 0.15 | 1.72 ± 0.07 | 2.09 ± 0.13 | 1.54 ± 0.26 | 0.073 |
 Cystathionine | 1.05 ± 0.08ab | 0.85 ± 0.04b | 1.15 ± 0.08a | 1.08 ± 0.07a | 0.032 |
 P-Serine | 7.20 ± 0.59 | 6.53 ± 0.78 | 5.53 ± 0.3 | 5.88 ± 0.55 | 0.217 |
 Sarcosine | 2.06 ± 0.16 | 2.31 ± 0.08 | 2.24 ± 0.17 | 2.03 ± 0.20 | 0.556 |
 Carnitine | 2.46 ± 0.26 | 2.08 ± 0.19 | 2.20 ± 0.13 | 1.94 ± 0.11 | 0.241 |