Table 4 Summary of studies in periparturient dairy cows investigating the effects of supplemental methionine or choline on liver, immune system, udder, pancreas, and uterus
From: Role of nutraceuticals during the transition period of dairy cows: a review
Nutraceutical | Treatment | Period | Tissue/Cells | Main outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RPC | 45–75 g/d | From − 45 to 63 | Liver | Reduced liver glycogen and greater plasma glucose concentration | |
60–75 g/d | From − 45 to 63 | Liver | Increased the rate of triglycerides export with reduced liver TAG accumulation | [87] | |
45–60 g/d | From − 45 to 43 | Liver | Lower NEFA postpartum increase with overall decrease in plasma NEFA concentration | [88] | |
45 g/d | From − 41 to 30 | Liver | Higher plasma α-tocopherol | [88] | |
50–100 g/d | From − 21 to 45 | Liver | Increased serum haptoglobin | [89] | |
50–100 g/d | From − 21 to 45 | Pancreas | Increased serum insulin | ||
60 g/d | From −25 to 80 | Immune system | Lower diseases incidence | [80] | |
60 g/d | From − 17 to 21 | Udder | Higher colostrum IgG and better average daily gain in calves | [78] | |
60 g/d | From − 21 to 30 | PMNL and monocytes | Overall better redox status in PMNL and improved monocytes phagocytosis | ||
RPM | 0.07–0.19% DM | From − 28 to 60 and in vitro culture | Immune system | Better inflammatory status, innate immune responsiveness and neutrophil function (both in calves and cows) | [92] |
0,09% DM | From − 28 to 0 | Uterus | In calves, increased 1-carbon metabolism, transsulfuration pathway, and TCA cycle intermediates | [93] | |
0.08–0,09% DM | From − 28 to 0 | Uterus | Better calves’ adaptation to extrauterine life | ||
0,09–0.1% DM | From − 28 to 60 | Immune system | Better inflammatory and oxidative status | [92] | |
0.07–0.19% DM | From − 28 to 60 | Liver | Increased APP- concentrations (PON, cholesterol, albumin) | [92] | |
0.07–0.19% DM | From − 28 to 0 | Liver | Reduced APP- concentrations (ceruloplasmin, serum-amyloid A) | [82] | |
0,09–0.1% DM | From − 28 to 60 | Liver | Increased antioxidants blood concentrations (β-carotene, tocopherol, glutathione) | [92] | |
0.07–0.19% DM | From − 28 to 0 | Liver | Increased carnitine and glutathione synthesis | [82] |