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Table 1 Composition of the experimental diets, as fed basisa

From: Sow performance in response to natural betaine fed during lactation and post-weaning during summer and non-summer months

Item

Dietb

Lactation

Post-weaning

Ingredient, %

 Corn, medium grind

45.915

47.025

 Soybean meal, 46.5% CP

32.1

4.0

 Rice bran

10

15

 Wheat middlings

6

30

 Poultry fat

2.35

0

 Limestone

1.12

1.45

 Monocalcium phosphate, 21% P

0.985

0.870

 Potassium, magnesium sulfatec

0.50

0.50

 Salt

0.40

0.40

 Sow vitamin-mineral premixd

0.20

0.20

 Choline chloride, 60%

0.125

0.125

 Anti-caking aide

0.100

0.100

 Organic mineral source [Zn-Mn-Cu]f

0.075

0.075

L-Lysine

0.050

0.150

L-Threonine

0.035

0.075

DL-Methionine

0.015

0.000

 Iron oxideg

0.030

0.030

Calculated nutrient composition

 ME, Mcal/kg

3.30

3.04

 CP, %

21.17

12.90

 Lysine, %

1.17

0.64

 Standardized ileal digestible Lys, %

1.05

0.56

 Standardized ileal digestible Lys/ME, g/Mcal

3.31

1.82

 Standardized ileal digestible Met+Cys:Lys

0.56

0.69

 Ca, %

0.82

0.85

 Available P, %

0.40

0.44

 Choline, g/kg

1.90

1.15

  1. aDiets were formulated to exceed NRC (2012) requirements
  2. bTo create betaine added diets, natural betaine (Vistabet® 96, AB Vista, Malborough, UK) was added at 0.2% at the expense of corn
  3. cDynamate (Mosaic, Plymouth, MN). Added as a laxative
  4. dSupplied per kg of complete diet: vitamin A, 11,023 IU; vitamin D3, 1764 IU; vitamin E, 51 IU; vitamin K, 4.4 mg; vitamin B12, 0.044 mg; riboflavin, 8.8 mg; d-pantothenate, 26.5 mg; niacin 55.1 mg; thiamine, 3.3 mg; pyridoxine, 3.3 mg; folic acid, 1.21 mg; biotin, 0.28 mg; Zn, 125 mg; Fe, 100 mg; Mn, 50 mg; Cu, 25.0 mg; I, 0.7 mg; Se, 0.3 mg; phytase, 661 FTU (Phyzyme, Danisco A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark), and chromium, 0.4 mg/kg
  5. eDry anti-caking aid and non-nutritive carrier (KALLSIL, Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA)
  6. fSupplied per kg of complete diet: Zn, 50 mg from Zn amino acid complex, Mn, 20 mg from Mn amino acid complex, and Cu, 10 mg from Cu amino acid complex (Availa, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN)
  7. gUsed to color code diets. Diet with 0% betaine contained Fe3O4 (black) and diet with 0.2% betaine contained Fe2O3 (red)