Dietary energy sources and levels shift the multi-kingdom microbiota and functions in the rumen of lactating dairy cows

Table 1 Alpha diversity measurements of the ruminal microbiota

Measurements	LE		HE		SEM	P-values
Measurements	GC	SFC	GC	SFC	SEM	NE	ES	Period	NE × ES
Bacteria and archaea
Observed ASVs	1050	808	973	752	45.211	0.3456	0.0116	0.1646	0.7936
Observed genera	110^A	100^AB	100^AB	91^B	2.738	0.0368	0.0756	0.3117	0.8548
Observed species	126^A	115^AB	113^AB	104^B	3.127	0.0360	0.1006	0.3115	0.7053
Shannon	8.27	8.24	8.22	8.00	0.063	0.2532	0.3962	0.8501	0.5160
Simpson	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.001	0.7580	0.5245	<.0001	0.3247
Faith’s PD	57.66	50.46	54.08	48.65	1.429	0.2187	0.0285	0.1718	0.5956
Evenness	0.83	0.86	0.83	0.84	0.006	0.4262	0.1314	0.5571	0.4853
Fungi
Observed ASVs	97^AB	101^A	71^AB	68^B	4.511	0.0008	0.9189	0.6974	0.7098
Observed genera	50	52	41	40	1.947	0.0107	0.8837	0.7432	0.7498
Observed species	63	64	47	49	2.931	0.0106	0.7737	0.8287	0.9804
Shannon	5.33	5.46	4.91	5.03	0.075	0.0052	0.4194	0.3448	0.8850
Simpson	0.95	0.96	0.94	0.95	0.003	0.0794	0.1340	0.1374	0.8218
Faith’s PD	25.75	26.58	20.36	22.03	0.989	0.0128	0.4742	0.6513	0.7740
Evenness	0.81	0.82	0.81	0.83	0.007	0.7033	0.2685	0.0047	0.7557
Protozoa
Observed ASVs	73^A	69^AB	61^AB	61^B	2.275	0.0051	0.4157	0.6152	0.5865
Observed genera	5	5	4	4	0.153	0.0131	0.6678	0.4967	0.3796
Observed species	10^A	9^AB	8^B	9^AB	0.243	0.0046	0.7940	0.5114	0.2616
Shannon	4.79	4.62	4.61	4.54	0.116	0.4194	0.4437	0.6601	0.7803
Simpson	0.93	0.91	0.94	0.93	0.012	0.4435	0.5476	0.4481	0.5636
Faith’s PD	0.87	0.82	0.72	0.76	0.024	0.0133	0.9700	0.7342	0.2230
Evenness	0.77	0.76	0.78	0.77	0.015	0.7145	0.5960	0.5357	0.9009

LE Low energy, HE High energy, GC Ground corn, SFC Steam-flaked corn, NE Effect of dietary energy level, ES Effect of energy sources, NE × ES Interaction between NE and ES
ASVs Amplicon sequence variants
Faith’s PD Faith’s phylogenetic diversity
Different superscripts in upper case within a row indicate significant difference (P ≤ 0.05). The P-values ≤0.05 are bolded, while those > 0.05 but ≤0.1 are italicized

ISSN: 2049-1891