Optimal dietary copper requirements and relative bioavailability for weanling pigs fed either copper proteinate or tribasic copper chloride

Table 8 Effect of amount and source of dietary copper on plasma enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations of weanling pigs

	Copper source¹	Copper level, mg/kg						Pooled SEM	P-value
	Copper source¹	0	20	40	80	160	200	Pooled SEM	Treatment	Linear	Quadratic
ALP, U/100 mL	TBCC	1.68^d	1.78^d	2.05^c	2.36^b	2.94^a	3.00^a	0.06	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
ALP, U/100 mL	CuPro	1.68^e	1.91^d	2.25^{c, *}	2.80^{b, *}	3.05^a	–	0.05	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
CER, U/mL	TBCC	57.34^e	73.12^d	76.26^cd	80.12^bc	83.27^ab	85.90^a	1.05	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
CER, U/mL	CuPro	57.34^c	78.91^{b, *}	83.67^{ab, #}	85.35^{ab, *}	88.74^{a, *}	–	2.13	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cu/Zn SOD, U/mL	TBCC	121.76^b	135.09^ab	134.96^ab	139.82^ab	146.71^a	145.34^a	5.23	0.026	0.002	0.003
Cu/Zn SOD, U/mL	CuPro	121.76^c	133.97^bc	140.68^abc	149.85^{ab, *}	154.82^a	–	4.99	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
GSH-Px, U/mL	TBCC	730.31^c	729.40^c	741.17^b	750.61^a	748.72^a	746.85^a	1.18	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
GSH-Px, U/mL	CuPro	730.31^c	732.63^{bc, #}	738.90^b	756.35^a	757.54^{a, *}	–	1.87	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
MDA, nmol/mL	TBCC	2.36^a	2.31^ab	2.17^abc	1.81^bc	1.78^c	1.84^bc	0.12	0.002	< 0.001	< 0.001
MDA, nmol/mL	CuPro	2.36^a	2.11^ab	1.89^{bc, *}	1.79^bc	1.75^c	–	0.08	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
T-AOC, U/mL	TBCC	0.61	0.62	0.63	0.69	0.71	0.71	0.06	0.706	0.100	0.233
T-AOC, U/mL	CuPro	0.61	0.65	0.66	0.71	0.72	–	0.04	0.442	0.072	0.148

^a-c Means within a row without a common superscript letter are different (P < 0.05)
* different from the corresponding TBCC group at the same supplemented copper level, P < 0.05
^# tend to be different from the corresponding TBCC group at the same supplemented copper level, 0.05 < P < 0.10
¹TBCC tribasic copper chloride, CuPro copper proteinate
ALP alkaline phosphatase, CER ceruloplasmin, Cu/Zn SOD Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase, GSH-Px glutathione peroxidase, MDA malondialdehyde, T-AOC total antioxidant capability

ISSN: 2049-1891