Fig. 1

Serum and liver metabolic profiles of piglets orally treated with L. frumenti or PBS. a, b Principal components analysis of serum and liver metabolites in early-weaned piglets gavaged with PBS or L. frumenti. c, d Volcano plot summarizing the distribution of the metabolites. Red, green, and gray dots represent metabolites with higher, lower, or similar abundance, respectively. e, f Heat map of the metabolites present at differing concentrations in serum and liver of the treated and control early-weaned piglets. g, h Representative variation of L. frumenti metabolism in serum and liver. LF, L. frumenti. i The body weights of early-weaned piglets used in metabolomic study. All values are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and statistical significance was calculated using two-tailed Student’s t-tests. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 (*) and P < 0.001 (***). n = 5 piglets