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Table 1 Most relevant SNPs identified in the MSTN promoter region

From: Myostatin gene promoter: structure, conservation and importance as a target for muscle modulation

Animal group

Breeds or species

SNP

Effect on MSTN promoter/gene

Phenotype changes

Ref.

Bovine

Marchigiana, Chianina, Romagnola, Piedmontese, Holstein Friesian, Italian Red Pied, Brown Swiss, Belgian Blue, Limousine

T/A (−371)

Introduction of a Pit1 (signal sequence TAAAT) and a WAP–US6 (signal sequence TTTAAA) binding motifs at − 372 and at − 374, respectively

Effect on muscularity only when associated with a mutation in the coding region (observed in Marchigiana)

[40, 44]

Holstein (Dutch), Hanwoo and Jeju Black (Korean)

–

Effects on meat quality grade index and fat color index of backfat

[42]

Marchigiana, Chianina, Romagnola, Piedmontese, Holstein Friesian, Italian Red Pied, Belgian Blue

G/C (− 805)

Introduction of an LBP-1 binding motif at − 806 (binding motif WCTRG)

–

[40, 44]

Porcine

Several commercial breeds

G/A (− 847); A/G (− 835)

Not significantly associated with MSTN expression levels; possible disruption of a MEF3 binding motif

Associated to growth, daily gain and meat quality traits

[53]

Yorkshire

T/A (− 383)

–

Positive effects on birth weight and growth traits

[114]

Large White, Landrace, Meishan, Wild boar, Piétrain, Yorkshire, Duroc

A/G (−447); G/A (− 435)

Disruption of a MEF3 binding motif (445–454); Differential expression of Mstn gene of muscle; likely to affect the recognition of E-box by MRFs; possible disruption of NFAT binding motif

Associated with body weight, higher muscle weight and percentage, decreased backfat thickness

[46, 49, 52]

Meishan

T/A (−879)

Disruption of MSX1/MSX2 binding motif (873–885)

–

[46]

Sheep

Ovis aries

G/C (− 2449)

–

Connected to higher loin meat yields

[61]

T/C (− 2379)

–

Associated with increased birthweight

C/T (− 1129)

C/T (− 959)

–

–

[43]

A/G (− 784)

–

–

Horse

Equus caballus

T/C (−26)

–

Associated with heavy breeds, possible involvement in morphology traits

[64, 65]

T/C (−156)

Affects TATA-3 binding motif

Rabbit

Oryctolagus cuniculus

T/C (− 125)

–

–

[115]

T/C (− 476)

–

Associated with increased liver weight and carcass weight; positive effect on growth

[116]

Chicken

Gallus gallus

A/T (− 214)

Possible disruption of FAST-1 binding motif

Higher body weights

[75]

Duck

Anas platyrhynchos

G/A (− 753)

–

Associated with breast meat percentages

[78]

G/C (− 235)

Associated with abdominal fat percentages

Fish

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) mstn-1b

C/T (− 1086)

–

Correlation with harvest weight, gutted weight, beheaded weight and fillet weight

[117]

Flatfish spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) mstn-1

T/C (− 355)

–

Correlation with growth traits in female individuals

[90]

Invertebrates

Noble scallop (Chlamys nobilis)

A/C (− 579)

–

Associated with growth traits

[118]

Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

A/G (− 779)

–

Associated with dry body weight

[97]

T/C (− 437)

–

  1. A minus symbol (−) indicates unavailable information because it was not identified or tested. SNPs were considered as one when linkage disequilibrium was verified