Table 4 Utilization of the CRISPR-Cas9 system as new alternatives to the use of antibiotics
From: Application of new biotechnologies for improvements in swine nutrition and pork production
System | Vector | Target gene | Antibiotic-resistant bacteria | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CRISPR-Cas9 | Bacteriophages | Multiple DNA sites (self-destruction) | Clostridium difficile | Bikard et al. [70] |
CRISPR-Cas3 | Bacteriophages | Multiple DNA sites (self-destruction) | Gram-positive and negative bacteria | Reardon [86] |
CRISPR-Cas9 | Plasmids | Antibiotic-resistant genes (knock out) | Escherichia coli | Kim et al. [82] |
CRISPR-Cas9 | CRISPRi plasmids | Antibiotic-resistant genes and membrane proteins (silencing gene expression) | Staphylococci aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria | Sato’o et al. [87]; Greene [84] |