Nanotechnology-based approach for safer enrichment of semen with best spermatozoa

Table 3 Additional movement characteristics of double nanoselected boar spermatozoa

	ALH, μm	BCF, Hz	STR, %	LIN, %
Control	7.95 ± 0.08^a	38.14 ± 0.3^ab	55.7 ± 0.6^a	27.3 ± 0.4^a
1-step removal¹	8.06 ± 0.05^a	37.6 ± 0.3^b	55.8 ± 0.6^a	27.3 ± 0.4^a
2-step removal²	7.5 ± 0.1^b	38.7 ± 0.3^a	60.4 ± 0.8^b	29.8 ± 0.7^b

¹Removal of apoptotic spermatozoa (annexin V-MNP conjugates = 1-step) was followed by those with ²acrosome reacted (lectin-MNP conjugates = 2-step). This consecutive removal process corresponds to the proposed double nanoselection with evaluation of the lateral head amplitude (ALH), beat cross frequency (BCF), straightness (VSL/VAP × 100), and linearity (VSL/VCL × 100). Data are mean (±sem) of 4 independent replicates; different superscripts (^a,b) within the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05)

ISSN: 2049-1891