Level of dietary energy and 2,4-thiazolidinedione alter molecular and systemic biomarkers of inflammation and liver function in Holstein cows

Table 1 Plasma concentrations of biomarkers from −7 to 14 d relative to diet initiation, before 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) administration and 15 to 28 d relative to diet initiation and during TZD administration in cows fed either a controlled-energy diet (CON, 1.30 Mcal/kg; n = 7) or a moderate-energy diet (OVE, 1.60 Mcal/kg; n = 7)

Item	Diet			Day					P-value
Item	CON	OVE	SEM	−7	0	7	14	SEM	Diet	Day
Before TZD				−	−	−	−
Metabolism
Cholesterol, mmol/L	2.64	2.68	0.15	2.62^a	2.54^a	2.64^a	2.84^b	0.11	0.86	< 0.01
Liver function
Total Bilirubin, μU/mL	1.18	1.06	0.10	1.19^c	1.09^d	1.11^c	1.08^d	0.09	0.14	0.10
Antioxidants–anti-inflammation
α-Tocopherol, mmol/L	5.22	5.28	0.46	5.19^a	5.02^a	5.13^a	5.65^b	0.34	0.94	< 0.01
Item	Diet			Day					P-value
Item	CON	OVE	SEM	15	20	25	28	SEM	Diet	TZD
During TZD				+	+	+	+
Health and liver function
GGT, U/L	22.7	21.3	2.8	21.3^c	22.2^cd	21.6^cd	22.9^d	2.1	0.53	0.07
Globulin, g/L	43.6^b	38.8^a	1.0	39.8^a	42.0^b	41.5 ^b	41.5^b	1.0	0.03	0.02
Myeloperoxidase, U/L	491^b	419^a	21.5	399^a	474^b	484^b	462^b	24.1	0.03	0.05
Total Protein, g/L	78.7^b	73.0^a	1.2	74.1^a	77.2^b	76.0 ^b	76.2^b	1.0	< 0.01	0.021
Total Bilirubin, μmol/L	1.19^d	1.03^c	0.11	1.48	1.39	1.39	1.37	0.42	0.06	0.97
Acute-phase proteins
Ceruloplasmin, μmol/L	3.30	3.14	0.11	2.95^a	3.30^b	3.30^b	3.34^b	0.10	0.33	< 0.01
Haptoglobin, g/L	0.65^b	0.51^a	0.05	0.62^a	0.57^a,b	0.61^a	0.51^b	0.068	< 0.01	0.05
Oxidative stress
ROMt, mg H₂O₂/100 mL	13.8	13.4	0.57	12.1^a	14.0^b	14.1^b	14.2^b	0.51	0.62	< 0.01
Paraoxonase, U/mL	113^b	91.4^a	6.4	100	104	99.8	105	5.14	0.03	0.15
Liver injury
AST/GOT, U/L	66.0^a	77.6^b	3.6	67.8	72.8	75.8	70.8	3.3	0.04	0.16
Antioxidants–anti-inflammation
Retinol, μg/100 mL	37.8^c	47.6^d	3.7	42.6	43.5	42.9	41.8	2.77	0.09	0.56

^a,bMeans within a row with different superscripts differ (P ≤ 0.05) for TZD, while ^c,d denote trends (P ≤ 0.10)

ISSN: 2049-1891