Source | Bacterial species | Human outbreak | AMR profile | Mechanism | Notes | Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calves | S. enterica serotype Typhimurium | Veterinarian’s child | Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, kanamycin, streptomycin, cephalothin, ceftriaxone and ceftiofur, aztreonam, cefoxitin, gentamicin, and tobramycin | Ceftriaxone resistance conferred by bla CMY-2 on a conjugable plasmid | An isolated, domestically acquired case requiring hospitalization. Failure of ampicillin and sulbactam therapy, but recovery with amoxicillin/clavulanate. Direct molecular evidence linking MDR isolates from herds treated by the patient’s father | [216] |
Cattle, Sheep | MRSA ST130 | Two farmers | Cefoxitin and penicillin | Resistance conferred by mecC (mecA homologue), SCCmec type XI [220] | Direct transfer of mecC-MRSA from cattle and sheep to humans resulting in wound infections | [211] |
Veal calves | MRSA ST398 | Asymptomatic carriage by farm employees | Methicillin and others | Resistance conferred by mecA, SCCmec not stated | Asymptomatic human MRSA carriage rates associated with prevalence in calves and frequency of animal contact. MRSA carriage in calves associated with antimicrobial use | [217] |
Cattle, Swine | E. coli, Salmonella | Potential, sporadic transmission to humans | Ceftriaxone, with high-levels of co-resistance to chloramphenicols, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin | 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance conferred by plasmid-born bla CMY-2 | Potential transfer of bla CMY-2 plasmids between E. coli and Salmonella. Close relationship between bla CMY-2 plasmids in E. coli found in bovines and humans | [210] |
Ground beef, possibly from dairy cows | S. enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 | Large clustered human outbreak | Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfemethoxazole, and tetracycline (R-type ACSSuT) | MDR genes potentially encoded on Salmonella genomic island 1 | Multi-state outbreak, potentially affecting >2200 people. Severe illness, with a high proportion of patients receiving intravenous rehydration and requiring hospitalization | [213] |