Fig. 1
From: Microbiota-host interplay at the gut epithelial level, health and nutrition
Various food components (nutrients, minerals, vitamins) modulate inducible heat shock proteins (iHSPs) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in the epithelium of the small intestine. It is mostly microbial compounds, fermentation products (short-chain fatty acids, SCFA) and other unknown secreted molecules of microbial origin that induce iHSP in the large intestine (nb: IAP expression and activity are very low there). Luminal IAP contributes to control the gut microbiota (present in low numbers) in the small intestine. Luminal IAP also partially escapes digestion in the small intestine and is active to shape the gut microbiota in the large intestine. iHSPs and IAP display potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that dynamically stimulate gut epithelial resistance to oxidative stress and inflammation. IAP is also anti-inflammatory systemically