Table 3 Effects of essential oils and aromatic plants on the microflora in swine and poultry
From: Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review
Feed additive | Dose, g/kg | Species | Measured responses | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Herbal extracts | 7,500 | Weaned pigs | Reduced coliform bacteria counts in fecal; less diverse of microbiota in ileal digesta base on PCR-DGGE | Namkung et al. [7] |
EO blend | 50-150 | Weaned pigs | Increased Lactobacillus and decreased E. coli counts in feces | Li et al. [16] |
EO blend | 1,000 | Weaned pigs | Increased Lactobacillus counts | Zhang et al. [17] |
Chinese medicinal herbs | 1,000/3,000 | Weaned pigs | Increased Lactobacilli counts in ileum and decreased Coliform counts in colon | Huang et al. [18] |
EO blend | 100 | Weaned pigs | Reduced E. coli and total aerobic bacteria in the rectum; increased Lactobacilli to E. coli ratio in colon | Li et al. [19] |
Phytogenic additive | 50-150 | Weaned pigs | Microbial counts in feces (aerobes, gram negatives, anaerobes and lactobacilli) didn’t change | Muhl and Liebert [48] |
EO blend | 300 | Broiler | Decreased intestinal Clostridium, but no effect on total organisms, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Coliforms | Kirkpinar et al. [26] |
EO | 100 | Broiler | Increase in the mean numbers of bacterial species in the ileal content | Amerah et al. [27] |
EO blend | 1,000 | Broiler | No change in cecal and fecal Coliforms, Lactobacillus, C. perfringens and total anerobes | Cross et al. [28] |
Oregano EO | 300-1,200 | Broiler | Decreased cecal E.Coli but no effect for 1200 ppm; no effect on cecal Lactobacilli | Roofchaee et al. [29] |
EO | 125 | Broiler | No change in cecal total bacteria, Lactobaccilli, Enterococci, Coliforms or Salmonellae colonization. | Hong et al. [30] |
EO blend | 150-500 | Broiler | Decreased crop Salmonella but no effect for 150 ppm; no effect on cecal Salmonella | Alali et al. [31] |
Thymol/EO | 30 | Broiler | Increased cecal Lactobaccilli and decreased Coliform but no effect on crop and ileum | Ginnenas et al. [35] |
Oregano EO | 300 | Broiler | Lower bloody diarrhea, lesion score and oocyst numbers compared to control (E. tenella challenge) | Ginnenas et al. [49] |
Oregano | 330 | Broiler | Decreased C. perfringens counts in cecum | Waldenstedt et al. [50] |
EO blend | 100 | Broiler | Reduction of C. perfringens concentration in the jejunum and colon | Mitsch et al. [51] |
Plant extract | 100 | Broiler | Reduction of E. coli, C. perfringens and fungi and increase of Lactobacillus | Jamroz et al. [52] |
Oregano EO | 0.5-1.25 | Broiler | Oregano EO exhibited a strong bactericidal effect against Lactobacilli at both doses tested | Horošová et al. [53] |
EO blend | 100 | Broiler | Increased ileal Lactobacillus counts coupled with decreased E.Coli counts | Rahimi et al. [54] |
EO | 500 | Broiler | Decreased cecal Staphylococci, Lactobaccilli and Enterobacteriaceae | Placha et al. [55] |
EO blend | 25/50 | Broiler | Decreased ileo-cecal E.Coli, and no change in Lactobacilli | Jang et al. [56] |