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Figure 1 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Figure 1

From: Emerging evidence of the physiological role of hypoxia in mammary development and lactation

Figure 1

Effects of hypoxia on glucose metabolism in cells. Glucose, taken up by facilitative glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), is first phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase (HK) and is then converted to pyruvate by glycolytic enzymes. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) converts pyruvate to lactate when oxygen is limited. In well-oxygenated cells, pyruvate is actively taken up by the mitochondria and converted to acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), which can be inactivated via phosphorylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1). Acetyl-CoA enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) to produce NADH, which is used to produce ATP through the electron transport chain (ETC) via the transfer of electrons to oxygen to form water. The major enzymes affected by hypoxia are indicated. “+” = stimulation.

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