Table 5 Chewing activity of cows fed on three total mixed rations of three total mixed rations containing three different sources of non-fiber carbohydrates

Eating, min/d

257.8^a

232.8^b

249.4^ab

10.272

0.045

Rumination, min/d

338.9^b

286.1^c

356.1^a

7.430

<0.001

Total chewing activity, min/d

596.7^a

518.9^b

605.5^a

10.482

<0.001

Chewing behaviour per different nutrients, min/kg

Eating

DMI

12.19

11.08

11.174

0.552

0.200

NDF

33.70^a

30.00^b

29.10^b

0.972

0.004

peNDF_m²

50.55^a

45.29^b

43.45^b

2.430

0.033

peNDF _{> 8}³

97.93^a

86.75^b

92.97^ab

4.431

0.002

peNDF _{> 1.18}⁴

50.85

45.20

43.37

4.294

0.063

NFC

31.36

28.46

29.42

1.154

0.088

Starch

54.97^b

54.78^b

76.98^a

4.452

<0.001

NDSC⁵

89.52^a

69.70^b

55.55^c

3.762

<0.001

Rumination

DMI

16.03^a

13.61^b

15.95^a

0.350

<0.001

NDF

44.30^a

36.87^b

41.55^a

1.561

<0.001

peNDF_m

66.45^a

55.66^b

62.04^a

1.902

0.003

peNDF _{> 8}

128.74^a

106.61^b

132.74^a

5.242

0.009

peNDF _{> 1.18}

66.84^a

55.55^b

61.93^a

1.615

0.002

NFC

41.23^a

34.98^b

42.09^a

0.812

<0.001

Starch

72.26^b

67.32^b

109.91^a

6.692

<0.001

NDSC

117.67^a

85.66^b

79.31^c

3.833

<0.001

Total chewing activity

DMI

28.23^a

24.69^c

26.13^b

0.671

<0.001

NDF

78.00^a

66.87^c

68.06^b

2.031

<0.001

peNDF_m

117.00^a

100.95^b

101.61^b

3.292

<0.001

peNDF _{> 8}

216.41^a

193.35^b

225.71^a

15.320

<0.001

peNDF _{> 1.18}

117.69^a

100.76^b

101.43^b

3.462

0.006

NFC

72.59^a

63.43^c

68.94^b

1.752

<0.001

Starch

127.23^b

122.09^b

186.88^a

7.860

<0.001

NDSC

207.19^a

155.36^b

134.86^c

6.744

<0.001