Table 1 Nutritional composition of mealworms fed by various substrates in different rearing conditions

Wheat bran

63.3

19.3

–

–

Greece

 ~ 16

26 °C/50%

[28]

Wheat (by-product)

40.2

31.6

7.6

5.4

Norway

 ~ 10

–

[5]

Wheat bran

71.2

6.1

10.4

7.5

Poland

–

27 °C/55%

[33]

Wheat bran

45.6

34.5

–

4

Portugal

–

25 °C

[25]

Wheat bran

47.9

26.1

6.8

3.8

Poland

11

28 °C/55%

[26]

Wheat bran

46.4

32.7

4.6

2.9

Korea

–

25 °C/50%

[34]

Wheat bran

68.9

16.9

–

8.1

China

8

28 °C/60%

[35]

Barley (whole grain)

38.9

45.2

6.3

3.5

Poland

–

27 °C/55%

[33]

Oat (whole grain)

66.4

12.1

9.8

6.6

Poland

–

27 °C/55%

[33]

Oat (by-product)

41.7

27.2

7.8

4.9

Norway

 ~ 10

–

[5]

Rye bran

43.6

30

7.1

3.6

Poland

11

28 °C/55%

[26]

Buckwheat

51.4

34.0

6.7

3.6

Poland

–

27 °C/55%

[33]

Buckwheat

62.7

58.2

–

–

Greece

 ~ 16

26 °C/50%

[28]

Durum wheat flour

60

41.4

38.8

–

Greece

 ~ 16

26 °C/50%

[28]

Mushroom spent corn stover

76.2

6.1

–

5.9

China

8

28 °C/60%

[35]

Highly denatured soybean meal

74.3

8.1

–

6.6

China

8

28 °C/60%

[35]

Spirit distillers’ grains

70.1

11.9

–

7.7

China

8

28 °C/60%

[35]

Mix¹

43.3–44.9

37.8–39.5

11.3–11.5

3.6–3.7

Hungary

8 – 12

20–23 °C

[27]

Mix²

40.9

49.5

–

2.81

Italy

–

25 °C/50–60%

[36]

Mix³

50.1

34

7

3.9

Italy

–

28 °C/60%

[37]

Mix⁴

44.8

40.4

13.4

4.8

Brazil

12

25 °C/80%

[38]

Vegetable waste⁵

46.3

43.3

8

3

Hungary

10–14

22.5 °C/60%

[39]

Garden waste⁶

42.3

45.2

8.9

3.2

Hungary

10–14

22.5 °C/60%

[39]

Cattle manure⁷

38.9

46.7

9.5

4.8

Hungary

10–14

22.5 °C/60%

[39]