Fig. 4

Functional annotation of the microbiota. a The overlap and unique carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) families observed at three time points (D0, D10, and D21). Each circle represents a specific time point, and the numbers inside the circles indicate the number of CAZy family unique to that time point. The overlapping areas between the circles indicate the number of shared CAZy family among the time points. b NMDS plot of three time points based on the abundance of CAZy families. c Heatmap of the 10 most abundant (based on TMM value) CAZy families in any of the groups. Color scale shows the abundance of CAZy family within each group. Z-score, calculated with the formula z = (x − μ)/σ, where x is the log2 of abundance of enzymic families in each group, μ is the mean value of the log2 of abundance in all groups, and σ is the standard deviation of the log2 of abundance. d LEfSE analysis for CAZy families to compare the microbiota functional profiles among three time points. e Heatmap of the 10 most abundant (based on TMM value) KEGG Orthology (KO) in any of the groups. f NMDS plot of three time points based on the abundance of KOs. g LEfSE analysis for KOs to compare the microbiota functional profiles among three time points. Functional terms in this graph were statistically significant (P < 0.05) and had an LDA score > 3, which was considered a significant effect size