Table 3 Effects of dietary glycosides or forages containing glycosides on nitrogen metabolism and N2O emissions from excreta in ruminants
Reference | Glycoside source (plant/extract) | Animal species | DMI, production performance, or N metabolism related indicators | N excretion or N retention Angus heifers | N2O emissions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucosinolates | |||||
 Luo et al. [19] | Brassica napus L. | Grazing sheep | –DMI | ↑N retention; –UN/N intake; ↑FN/N intake | ↓Urine N2O emissions |
 Gao et al. [106] | Rapeseed cake | Beef cattle | –ADG | ↑FN; –UN; –N retention; –NUE –N retention | ↑Urine N2O emissions |
Aucubin | |||||
 Box et al. [107] | Plantain | Grazing dairy cows | ↑Milk yield; ↑Milk lactose percentage; ↓MUN | ↓UN; –FN | NR |
 Cheng et al. [108] | Plantain | Grazing dairy heifers | –DMI; ↓BUN; | ↓UN | NR |
 Minnéeet al. [109] | Plantain | Grazing dairy cows | ↑DMI; ↑Milk yield; ↑Milk lactose percentage; ↓MUN | ↑FN; ↓UN; ↑Milk N | NR |
 Marshall et al. [110] | Plantain | Grazing dairy cows | –DMI; –Milk yield; –Milk composition; ↓MUN; –Ruminal NH3-N | ↑FN; ↓UN; ↑Milk N | NR |
 Ineichen et al. [111] | Plantain | Dairy cows | ↑DMI; ↑Milk yield; –Milk composition; ↑MUN; –FCR | ↑FN/N intake; –UN/N intake; ↓NUE | NR |
 Nkomboni et al. [112] | Plantain | Grazing dairy cows | –DMI; ↑Milk protein percentage; ↓MUN; ↓BUN | –Milk N; –NUE | NR |
 Al-Marashdeh et al. [113] | Plantain | Grazing dairy cows | –DMI; ↑Milk yield | NR | ↓N2O emissions |
Saponins | |||||
 Santoso et al. [14] | Biophytum petersianum | Goats | ↓CP digestibility; ↓Ruminal NH3-N; ↑Microbial N supply | –FN; ↓UN; –N retention | NR |
 McMurphy et al. [114] | Yucca schidigera | Steers | –DMI; –CP digestibility; ↑Microbial N supply; –BUN | –FN; –UN; –N retention; –NUE | NR |
 Guyader et al. [115] | Tea saponin | Nonlactating cows | ↓DMI; –Ruminal NH3-N | ↓N intake; –FN; –UN; –N retention | NR |
 Guyader et al. [116] | Tea saponin | Dairy cows | ↓DMI; ↓Milk yield; –Milk composition; ↓Milk/DMI; –CP digestibility; –Ruminal NH3-N | –FN; –UN; ↓milk N; –N balance | NR |
 Liu et al. [117] | Tea saponin | Dorper crossbred ewe | –DMI; ↑CP digestibility; ↓Ruminal NH3-N | ↓FN; ↓UN; ↑N retention; ↑NUE | NR |