Fig. 3
From: The biological functions and metabolic pathways of valine in swine
The roles of valine in swine nutrition and whole-body homeostasis. Apart from serving as an energy source, valine has multiple healthy functions, like improving the structure of gut microbiota, immune functions and reproductive performances. Abbreviations: Ig = immunoglobulin; mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin; Sirt1/ERK/90RSK = sirtuin 1/the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase