Table 1 Characterization of PPL and FWCKM-derived VFA effluents and glucose media used as substrates for A. oryzae fungal biomass cultivation

VFAs effluents

pH

7.15

6.07

tCOD, g/L

13.60 ± 0.33

12.80 ± 1.13

NH₄⁺-N, mg/L

565 ± 19.14

1320 ± 56.57

Acetic acid, g/L

5.27 ± 0.15

3.45 ± 0.10

Iso-butyric acid, g/L

0.35 ± 0.01

0.37 ± 0.01

Butyric acid, g/L

0.62 ± 0.01

1.29 ± 0.04

Iso-valeric acid, g/L

0.17 ± 0.01

0.24 ± 0.01

Propionic acid, g/L

0.99 ± 0.02

0.83 ± 0.02

Valeric acid, g/L

0.02 ± 0.00

0.08 ± 0.00

Total VFA, g/L

7.43 ± 0.21

6.24 ± 0.16

Na, mg/L

381.50 ± 6.36

829.50 ± 16.26

K, mg/L

4,396.00 ± 33.94

1,019.50 ± 13.44

Ca, mg/L

146.50 ± 3.53

49.72 ± 0.07

Fe, mg/L

1.00 ± 0.00

1.00 ± 0.00

Mg, mg/L

94.00 ± 0.00

34.00 ± 1.41

Synthetic glucose medium

Yeast extract, g/L

5.00 ± 0.01

D-glucose, g/L

30.00 ± 0.01