Fig. 5

Influence of BPA, Tm, and 4-PBA on the cell viability, concentration of P4 and E2, antioxidant activities, antioxidation, and apoptosis mRNA and protein levels within OTCs at 24 h. A Cell viability. B E2 level. C P4 level. D–F Antioxidant activities of T-AOC (D), GSH-Px and SOD (E), as well as MDA (F). G Antioxidant-related gene levels. H Typical immunoblots for antioxidant-associated proteins. I Antioxidant-associated protein expression. J Apoptosis-associated gene levels. K Typical immunoblots for apoptosis-associated proteins. L Apoptosis-associated protein expression. Data are presented as means ± SEM, n = 6. Means with no common letter are different (P < 0.05). BPA group, OTCs treated with 400 μmol/L bisphenol A (BPA); BPA + Tm, OTCs treated with 400 μmol/L BPA + 0.5 μg/mL tunicamycin (Tm; ERS activator); BPA + 4-PBA, OTCs treated with 400 μmol/L BPA + 1 μmol/L 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA; ERS antagonist); Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; CON, OTCs treated with DMEM/F12 complete medium; CAT, catalase; E2, estradiol; Fas, apoptosis antigen 1; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; GPx1, glutathione peroxidase 1; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; MDA, malondialdehyde; NQO1, quinone oxidoreductase 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; OTCs, ovine trophoblast cells; P4, progesterone; SOD, superoxide dismutase; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity