Fig. 1

Pearson correlation analysis between blood gas profiles and oxidative stress in cow coccygeal veins under no heat stress (A), mild heat stress (B), and moderate heat stress (C). MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; HSF, heat shock transcription factor; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1α; HSP90, heat shock protein 90; HCT, hematocrit; HGB, hemoglobin; TCO₂, total pressure of carbon dioxide, pCO₂, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; pO₂, partial pressure of oxygen, sO₂, oxygen saturation; Color gradients indicate the degree of correlation, with blue indicating a positive correlation and red indicating a negative correlation. ^***P < 0.001, ^**P < 0.01, ^*P < 0.05