Evaluation of Holstein cows with different tongue-rolling frequencies: stress immunity, rumen environment and general behavioural activity

Table 5 Rumen fermentation parameters after feeding

Items	Experimental treatments¹				SEM²	P-value
Items	HT	MT	LT	CON	SEM²	P-value
pH	6.132^a	5.857^b	6.055^ab	6.249^a	0.077	0.013
Ammonia-N, mg/dL	23.384	22.042	22.571	21.118	1.968	0.711
Acetate, mmol/L	64.964	69.187	75.917	67.648	3.811	0.246
Propionate, mmol/L	30.086	32.198	34.743	31.936	2.185	0.525
Acetic acid/propionic acid ratio	2.184	2.166	2.216	2.130	0.010	0.432
Butyrate, mmol/L	15.317^b	21.437^a	21.840^a	16.993^b	1.386	0.007
Isobutyrate, mmol/L	0.967	1.247	1.328	1.065	0.114	0.134
Valerate, mmol/L	2.035^b	2.965^ab	3.855^a	2.238^b	0.384	0.013
Isovalerate, mmol/L	1.573^b	2.073^ab	3.855^a	1.714^b	0.199	0.029
Total volatile fatty acids, mmol/L	114.941^b	129.107^ab	140.108^a	121.594^b	6.082	0.048

¹HT High frequency tongue rolling cows, MT Medium frequency tongue rolling cows, LT Low frequency tongue rolling cows, CON Control cows, no abnormal oral behaviour
²SEM Standard error of the mean
^a^,^bDifferent superscript within a row means significant different (P < 0.05)

ISSN: 2049-1891