From: Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review
Feed additive | Dose,mg/kg | Major components | Treatment effects (%, difference to control) | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | ADG | ADFI | FCR | ||||
Plant extract | 150 | 5% Carvacrol (Origanum spp.), 3% cinnamaldehyde and 2% capsicum oleoresin | Weaned pigs | −5 | −6 | 1 | Manzanilla et al. [6] |
300 | −2 | - | −2 | ||||
Herbal extracts | 7,500 | Cinnamon, thyme, oregano and a carrier | Weaned pigs | −10 | −17 | 8 | Namkung et al. [7] |
EO blend | 300 | Fenugreek (40%), clove (12.5%), cinnamon (7.5%) and carrier (40%) | Weaned pigs | 7 | 5 | −2 | Cho, et al. [8] |
Phytobiotics | 1,000 | Anis oil, citrus oil, oregano oil, and natural flavors | Nursery pigs | 4 | 1 | −2 | Kommera et al. [9] |
Plant extract | 300 | 5% (wt/wt) Carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, and 2% capsicum oleoresin | Weaned pigs | 33 | 26 | −4 | Manzanilla et al. [10] |
Plant extract | 300 | 5% (wt/wt) Carvacrol (Origanum spp.), 3% cinnamaldehyde (Cinnamonum spp.), and 2% capsicum oleoresin (Capsicum annum) | Weaned pigs | 33 | 26 | −4 | NofrarÃas, et al. [11] |
Fennel | 100 | Fennel and caraway oil were obtained by steam distillation from fennel or caraway seeds | Weaned pigs | 6 | 3 | −3 | Schone et al. [12] |
Caraway | 100 | 0 | −1 | −2 | |||
EO blend | 100 | Buckwheat, thyme, curcuma, black pepper and ginger | Weaned pigs | 0 | -3 | −4 | Yan et al. [13] |
EO blend | 1,000 | Cinnamomum verum, Origanum vulgare spp., Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris and Rosmarinus | Weaned pigs | 2 | - | −2 | Huang et al. [14] |
EO blend | 300 | 4.44 g of anise oil, 1.30 g of clove oil, and 2.0 g of cinnamon oil/kg of additive | Weaned pigs | 10 | 5 | −4 | Maenner et al. [15] |
EO blend | 300 | 27.8 g of anise (Pimpinella anisum) oil, 12.5 g of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil, and 46.0 g of peppermint (M. arvensis) oil/kg of additive | 7 | 4 | −3 | ||
EO blend | 50 | Thymol, cinnamaldehyde | Weaned pigs | 11 | 7 | −3 | Li et al. [16] |
100 | 22 | 19 | −2 | ||||
150 | 22 | 15 | −5 | ||||
EO blend | 1,000 | Oregano, which contained 60% active substance (Cymene, Terpinene, Carvacrol) and 40% carrier (dextrin) | Weaned pigs | 2 | 2 | −1 | Zhang et al. [17] |
Chinese medicinal herbs | 1,000 | 20% of each of Dioscoreaceae batatas, A. macrocephala, G. uralensis and Platycodon grandiflorum | Weaned pigs | 16 | - | −14 | Huang et al. [18] |
3,000 | 13 | - | −11 | ||||
EO blend | 100 | 18% thymol and cinnamaldehyde (EOD) | Weaned pigs | 12 | 1 | −10 | Li et al. [19] |
EO blend | 100 | Weaned pigs | 10 | −1 | −10 | Zeng et al. [20] | |
Oregano | 500 | Finisher pigs | −10 | −8 | 3 | Janz et al. [21] | |
EO blend | 100 | Thyme, rosemary, oreganum extracts and kaolin | Finisher pig | 4 | −1 | −5 | Yan et al. [22] |
100 | 4 | 2 | −2 | ||||
EO blend | 25 | Blend of EO containing 2.9% active ingredients including thymol | Broiler | 5 | 4 | −1 | Jang et al. [23] |
50 | 3 | 5 | 1 | ||||
EO blend | 100 | Syzigium aromathicum (clove); Cinnamon ceylanensis; Cinnamon camphocamphora (cinnamon) | Broiler | −1 |  | 2 | Isabel and Santos [24] |
Oregano EO | 250 | Carvacrol 84.0%; thymol 1.8% | Broiler | 3 | 4 | 0 | Basmacioglu et al. [25] |
500 | 3 | −3 | −8 | ||||
Oregano EO | 300 | 77.3% carvacrol, 9.6% thymol | Broiler | −7 | −4 | 2 | Kirkpinar et al. [26] |
Garlic EO | 300 | 2-propenyl thioacetonitril 43.2%, trisulfide methyl 2-propenyl 23.4%, disulfide di-2-propenyl 20.9% | −3 | −4 | 0 | ||
Oregano EO + garlic EO | 150/150 | Carvacrol 38.7%, thymol 4.8%, 2-propenyl thioacetonitril 21.6%, trisulfide methyl 2-propenyl 11.7%, disulfide di-2-propenyl 10.4% | −4 | −5 | −2 | ||
EO blend | 100 | Cinnamaldehyde and thymol | Broiler | 5 | 1 | −3 | Amerah et al. [27] |
100 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
Thyme EO | 1,000 | Thymol 44.1%, p-cymene 32.0%, terpineol 9.6%, linalol 4.6% | Broiler | −4 | −3 | 0 | Cross et al. [28] |
Oregano EO | 300 | Carvacrol 86.7%; thymol 3.3%; p-cymene 1.3%; γ-terpinene 1.3% | Broiler | 3 | 2 | −1 | Roofchaee et al. [29] |
600 | 5 | 0 | −5 | ||||
1,200 | 3 | −2 | −4 | ||||
EO blend | 125 | Oregano, anis and citrus peel-active component (carvacrol) | Broiler | 5 | −2 | −6 | Hong et al. [30] |
EO blend | 150 | Carvacrol, thymol, eucalyptol, lemon | Broiler | 7 | - | −3 | Alali et al. [31] |
250 | 8 | - | −5 | ||||
500 | 15 | - | −7 | ||||
EO blend | 100 | Basil, caraway, laurel, lemon, oregano, sage, tea, thyme | Broiler | 7 | 0 | −6 | Khattak et al. [32] |
200 | 7 | 0 | −7 | ||||
300 | 6 | −2 | −6 | ||||
400 | 6 | 0 | −5 | ||||
500 | 7 | −2 | −8 | ||||
Ginger EO | 75 | Zingiberene 27.2%; β-Sesquiphellandrene 13.7; Sabinene 13.4%; Ar-curcumene 10.7%; β-Bisabolene 9.9%; | Broiler | 7 | 6 | 0 | Habibi et al. [33] |
150 | 5 | 6 | 0 | ||||
Rosewood EO | 150 | Linalool 84.8%; Minor oxigenated sesquiterpenes 3.4%; α-terpineol 2.9%; geraniol 1.0% | Broiler | 2 | 1 | −1 | Aguilar et al. [34] |
300 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
450 | 1 | −1 | −2 | ||||
600 | 1 | 2 | 0 | ||||
Thymol | 30 | Thymol | Turkey | 0 | - | −1 | Ginnenas et al. [35] |
EO blend | 30 | 10% thymol, 0.5% eugenol, 0.05% piperine | 7 | - | −8 |